  ResearchTracing the HIV-1 subtype B mobility in Europe: a phylogeographic approachDimitrios Paraskevis1,2 1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical research, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium 2 National Retrovirus Reference Center, Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, M. Asias 75, GR-11527, Athens, Greece 3 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK 4 University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Virology, G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands 5 Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Postbus 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands 6 Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden 7 Dept of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden 8 University of Foggia, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti – Via L. Pinto 71100 Foggia, Italy 9 Center for Research in Virology, University of Bergen, Bergen High Technology Center, N-5020 Bergen, Norway 10 University of Milano, Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy 11 Diagnostica and Ricerca San Raffaele, Centro San Luigi, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy 12 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Laboratorio de Virologia, Rua da Junqueira 96 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal 13 EA 3620, Universite Paris Descartes, Virologie, CHU Necker, Paris France 14 National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College, Dublin, Ireland 15 INSERM U263 et SC4, Faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75571 Paris, France 16 Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, L.go A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Rome, Italy 17 Hospital Carlos III, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 18 Internal Medicine, UZ Leuven, Belgium 19 National. HIV Reference Lab, Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, MOH Central Virology, Sheba Medical Center, 2 Ben-Tabai Street, Israel 20 Robert Koch Institut (RKI), Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany 21 University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases F02.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands 22 Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Center for Diagnosis & Therapy Warsaw 37, Wolska Str. 01-201 Warszawa, Poland 23 University of Erlangen, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany 24 ICVC Charity Laboratories, 3d floor, Apollo Centre Desborough Road High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, HP11 2QW, UK 25 Inserm, U822, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France 26 Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen, Retrovirus Laboratory, department of virology, building 87, Division of Diagnostic Microbiology 5, Artillerivej 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark 27 Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Epidemiology & Surveillance), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands 28 Ullevaal University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway 29 Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland 30 Institute of Virology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria 31 IrsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona (Barcelona), Spain 32 National Public Health Institute, HIV laboratory and department of infectious disease epidemiology, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland 33 Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Retrovirology Laboratory, National service of Infectious Diseases, 4 Rue Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg 34 University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Virology Department, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 35 Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Italy
Retrovirology 2009, 6:49doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-49
AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence and the origin of HIV-1 subtype B, the most prevalent circulating clade among the long-term residents in Europe, have been studied extensively. However the spatial diffusion of the epidemic from the perspective of the virus has not previously been traced. ResultsIn the current study we inferred the migration history of HIV-1 subtype B by way of a phylogeography of viral sequences sampled from 16 European countries and Israel. Migration events were inferred from viral phylogenies by character reconstruction using parsimony. With regard to the spatial dispersal of the HIV subtype B sequences across viral phylogenies, in most of the countries in Europe the epidemic was introduced by multiple sources and subsequently spread within local networks. Poland provides an exception where most of the infections were the result of a single point introduction. According to the significant migratory pathways, we show that there are considerable differences across Europe. Specifically, Greece, Portugal, Serbia and Spain, provide sources shedding HIV-1; Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg, on the other hand, are migratory targets, while for Denmark, Germany, Italy, Israel, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK we inferred significant bidirectional migration. For Poland no significant migratory pathways were inferred. ConclusionSubtype B phylogeographies provide a new insight about the geographical distribution of viral lineages, as well as the significant pathways of virus dispersal across Europe, suggesting that intervention strategies should also address tourists, travellers and migrants. |
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