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Table 1
HIV-1 viral cycle in classically activated M1, alternatively activated M2 and deactivated macrophages
Viral cycle target	M1 macrophages		M2 macrophages		Deactivated macrophages

Entry	*Decreased*	* CD4 downregulation: TNFα, IL1β, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-18	*Decreased*	* CXCR4 downregulation: IL-4, IL-13	*Decreased*	* CCR5 downregulation: IFNβ
		* CCR5 downregulation: TNFα, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-2, RANTES, IFNγ, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-16, IL-15		* CCR5 downregulation IL-13	*Increased*	* CCR5 upregulation: IL-10, M-CSF
		* fusion block: RANTES		* CD4 downregulation IL-13

Reverse transcription	No effect reported		*Decreased*	* Block of RT: IL-13	*Decreased*	* Block of RT: IL-10, IFNα/β
						* Inhibition of RT synthesis: TGFβ

Transcription	*Increased*	*Transactivation of HIV-1 LTR: TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-18	*Decreased*⁺	* Block of HIV-1 LTR transactivation: IL-4, IL-13	*Decreased*	* Block of HIV-1 LTR activation ⁺⁺

Post transcription	*Decreased*	* Inhibition of viral assembly and budding: IFNγ, IL-18 (via IFNγ release),	No effect reported		*Decreased*	* Inhibition of viral assembly: IL-10
						* Inhibition of viral budding: IFNα/β, IL-27 (via IFNα release)

+ inhibition in differentiated macrophages ++ depends on IL-10 concentration
Herbein and Varin Retrovirology 2010 7:33 doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-33

Table 1