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	1. 876 Accesses	Review Emerging complexities of APOBEC3G action on immunity and viral fitness during HIV infection and treatment Mahdis Monajemi, Claire F Woodworth, Jessica Benkaroun, Michael Grant, Mani Larijani Retrovirology 2012, 9:35 (30 April 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Despite its effectiveness in various experimental systems, numerous recent studies have shown that the ability of A3G to combat HIV in the physiological setting is severely limited. In fact, it has become apparent that A3G's mutational activity may actually enhance viral fitness by accelerating HIV evolution towards the evasion of both anti-viral drugs and the immune system. Here the authors present an overview of recent data that bring to light historical overestimation of A3G's standing as a strictly anti-viral agent.
	2. 803 Accesses	Research Identification of a highly conserved valine-glycine-phenylalanine amino acid triplet required for HIV-1 Nef function Pieter J Meuwissen, Bettina Stolp, Veronica Iannucci, Jolien Vermeire, Evelien Naessens, Kalle Saksela, Matthias Geyer, Guido Vanham, Kevin K Arien, Oliver T Fackler, Bruno Verhasselt Retrovirology 2012, 9:34 (27 April 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study describes a highly conserved three amino acid VGF motif that together with the acidic cluster and the proline-rich motif form a previously unrecognized amphipathic surface on Nef. This surface appears to be essential for the majority of Nef functions and thus represents a prime target for the pharmacological inhibition of Nef.
	3. 794 Accesses	Research HIV-1-encoded antisense RNA suppresses viral replication for a prolonged period Mie Kobayashi-Ishihara, Makoto Yamagishi, Takuma Hara, Yuka Matsuda, Ryutaro Takahashi, Ariko Miyake, Kazumi Nakano, Tadanori Yamochi, Takaomi Ishida, Toshiki Watanabe Retrovirology 2012, 9:38 (8 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The present study identified an accurate structure of the major form of antisense RNAs expressed from the HIV-1NL4-3 provirus and demonstrated a new role of the antisense RNA in viral replication, suggesting a novel viral mechanism that regulates self-limited replication of HIV-1.
	4. 782 Accesses	Research Protein kinase C-delta regulates HIV-1 replication at an early post-entry step in macrophages Xavier Contreras, Olfa Mzoughi, Fabrice Gaston, B Matija Peterlin, Elmostafa Bahraoui Retrovirology 2012, 9:37 (3 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study identified PKC-delta as a major cellular cofactor for HIV-1 replication in macrophages. PKC-delta was stimulated following the interaction between the virus and its target cell. Inhibition of PKC-delta blocked the replication of R5-tropic viruses in primary human macrophages.
	5. 738 Accesses	Research Proteomic analysis of HIV-1 Nef cellular binding partners reveals a role for exocyst complex proteins in mediating enhancement of intercellular nanotube formation Joya Mukerji, Kevin C Olivieri, Vikas Misra, Kristin A Agopian, Dana Gabuzda Retrovirology 2012, 9:33 (25 April 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary To identify Nef binding partners involved in Pak2-association dependent Nef functions, the authors employed tandem mass spectrometry analysis of Nef immunocomplexes from Jurkat cells expressing wild-type Nef or Nef mutants defective for the ability to associate with Pak2 (F85L, F89H, H191F and A72P, A74P in NL4-3). They report that wild-type, but not mutant Nef, was associated with 5 components of the exocyst complex (EXOC1, EXOC2, EXOC3, EXOC4, and EXOC6), an octameric complex that tethers vesicles at the plasma membrane, regulates polarized exocytosis, and recruits membranes and proteins required for nanotube formation.
	6. 641 Accesses	Review HLA-C and HIV-1: Friends or Foes? Donato Zipeto, Alberto Beretta Retrovirology 2012, 9:39 (9 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This review highlights the role of HLA-C in association with HIV-1 viral load, but also addresses the contradiction of the association between high cell surface expression of an inhibitory molecule and strong cell-mediated immunity. To explore additional mechanisms of control of HIV-1 replication by HLA-C, this review addresses specific features of the molecule, like its tendency to be expressed as open conformer upon cell activation, which endows it with a unique capacity to associate with other cell surface molecules as well as with HIV-1 proteins.
	7. 611 Accesses	Research A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors Li Liu, Nidia MM Oliveira, Kelly M Cheney, Corinna Pade, Hanna Dreja, Ann-Marie H Bergin, Viola Borgdorff, David H Beach, Cleo L Bishop, Matthias T Dittmar, Áine McKnight Retrovirology 2011, 8:94 (14 November 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary This work screened 19,121 human genes and identified 114 factors with significant inhibition of HIV-1 infection. The authors focused on the PAF1 complex for its restriction activity.
	8. 451 Accesses	Review The discovery of endogenous retroviruses Robin A Weiss Retrovirology 2006, 3:67 (3 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	9. 442 Accesses	Commentary The pathogenesis of HIV infection: stupid may not be so dumb after all Stephen M Smith Retrovirology 2006, 3:60 (8 September 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	10. 434 Accesses	Research MiniCD4 protein resistance mutations affect binding to the HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding site and decrease entry efficiency Katrijn Grupping, Philippe Selhorst, Johan Michiels, Katleen Vereecken, Leo Heyndrickx, Pascal Kessler, Guido Vanham, Loïc Martin, Kevin K Ariën Retrovirology 2012, 9:36 (2 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The present study reports on the resistance induction of two subtype B HIV-1 against the most active miniCD4, M48U1, and its ancestor, M48, and how these mutated positions affect CD4bs recognition, entry efficiency, and sensitivity to other CD4bs inhibitors. Resistance against M48U1 was always associated with S375R/N substitution in both BaL and SF162; M48 resistance was associated with D474N substitution in SF162 and with H105Y substitution in BaL.
	11. 406 Accesses	Research Vpx is Critical for SIVmne infection of pigtail macaques Michael Belshan, Jason T Kimata, Charles Brown, Xiaogang Cheng, Anna McCulley, Alison Larsen, Rajesh Thippeshappa, Vida Hodara, Luis Giavedoni, Vanessa Hirsch, Lee Ratner Retrovirology 2012, 9:32 (24 April 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This work demonstrates that the activities of Vpx to overcome restrictions in culture in vitro are also likely to be important for establishment of infection in vivo and suggest that both the nuclear localization and DCAF1-interaction functions of Vpx are critical in vivo
	12. 390 Accesses	Commentary A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years Robert C Gallo Retrovirology 2006, 3:72 (20 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment
	13. 381 Accesses	Review Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs Vinod Scaria, Manoj Hariharan, Souvik Maiti, Beena Pillai, Samir K Brahmachari Retrovirology 2006, 3:68 (11 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 3 comments
	14. 380 Accesses	Research Second-site suppressors of HIV-1 capsid mutations: restoration of intracellular activities without correction of intrinsic capsid stability defects Ruifeng Yang, Jiong Shi, In-Ja L Byeon, Jinwoo Ahn, Jonathan H Sheehan, Jens Meiler, Angela M Gronenborn, Christopher Aiken Retrovirology 2012, 9:30 (19 April 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The second-site suppressor mutations in CA identified here rescue virus infection without correcting the intrinsic capsid stability defects associated with the P38A and E45A mutations. The suppressors also restored wild type virus function in several cell-based assays. Thus, while proper HIV-1 uncoating in target cells is dependent on the intrinsic stability of the viral capsid, the effects of stability-altering mutations can be mitigated by additional mutations that affect interactions with host factors in target cells or the consequences of these interactions.
	15. 374 Accesses	Research T cell independent secondary antibody responses to the envelope protein of simian immunodeficiency virus Ghulam Nabi, Vladimir Temchura, Claudius Großmann, Seraphin Kuate, Matthias Tenbusch, Klaus Überla Retrovirology 2012, 9:42 (14 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Membrane-bound trimeric Env seems to be responsible for the maintenance of high levels of anti-Env antibodies during progression to AIDS. This T cell independent secondary antibody response may prevent T cell-dependent affinity maturation and thus contribute to viral immune escape by favoring persistence of non-protective antibodies.
	16. 366 Accesses	Research The prototype foamy virus protease is active independently of the integrase domain Ralf Spannaus, Maximilian J. Hartl, Birgitta M. Wöhrl, Axel Rethwilm, Jochen Bodem Retrovirology 2012, 9:41 (10 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This paper shows that the FV integrase is required for Pol encapsidation and that the FV PR activity is integrase independent. The study shows that an active PR can be encapsidated in trans as a GagPR-RT fusion protein.
	17. 346 Accesses	Research Host-pathogen interactome mapping for HTLV-1 and -2 retroviruses Nicolas Simonis, Jean-François Rual, Irma Lemmens, Mathieu Boxus, Tomoko Hirozane-Kishikawa, Jean-Stéphane Gatot, Amélie Dricot, Tong Hao, Didier Vertommen, Sébastien Legros, Sarah Daakour, Niels Klitgord, Maud Martin, Jean-François Willaert, Franck Dequiedt, Vincent Navratil, Michael E Cusick, Arsène Burny, Carine Van Lint, David E Hill, Jan Tavernier, Richard Kettmann, Marc Vidal, Jean-Claude Twizere Retrovirology 2012, 9:26 (29 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This work employed a scalable methodology for the systematic mapping and comparison of pathogen-host protein interactions that includes stringent yeast two-hybrid screening and systematic retest, as well as two independent validations through an additional protein interaction detection method and a functional transactivation assay. The authors found 166 interactions between 10 viral proteins and 122 human proteins.
	18. 341 Accesses	Research Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination Stéphane Hué, Eleanor R Gray, Astrid Gall, Aris Katzourakis, Choon Tan, Charlotte J Houldcroft, Stuart McLaren, Deenan Pillay, Andrew Futreal, Jeremy A Garson, Oliver G Pybus, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2010, 7:111 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 2 comments \| F1000 Biology \| Editor’s summary We demonstrate that Taqman PCR primers previously described as XMRV-specific can amplify common murine endogenous viral sequences from mouse suggesting that mouse DNA can contaminate patient samples and confound specific XMRV detection. To consider the provenance of XMRV we sequenced XMRV from the cell line 22Rv1, which is infected with an MLV-X that is indistinguishable from patient derived XMRV. Bayesian phylogenies clearly show that XMRV sequences reportedly derived from unlinked patients form a monophyletic clade with interspersed 22Rv1 clones (posterior probability >0.99). The cell line-derived sequences are ancestral to the patient-derived sequences (posterior probability >0.99). Furthermore, pol sequences apparently amplified from PC patient material (VP29 and VP184) are recombinants of XMRV and Moloney MLV (MoMLV) a virus with an envelope that lacks tropism for human cells. Considering the diversity of XMRV we show that the mean pairwise genetic distance among env and pol 22Rv1-derived sequences exceeds that of patient-associated sequences (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p=0.005 and p<0.001 for pol and env, respectively). Thus XMRV sequences acquire diversity in a cell line but not in patient samples. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that published XMRV sequences are related by a process of infectious transmission.
	19. 317 Accesses	Research Limited SHIV env diversification in macaques failing oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis Qi Zheng, Susan Ruone, William M Switzer, Walid Heneine, J Gerardo García-Lerma Retrovirology 2012, 9:40 (9 May 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Infection during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) limits early virus evolution likely because of a direct antiviral effect of PrEP and/or reduced target cell availability. Reduced virus diversification during early infection might enhance immune control by slowing the selection of escape mutants
	20. 288 Accesses	Review HIV infection and HERV expression: a review Antoinette C van der Kuyl Retrovirology 2012, 9:6 (16 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The human genome contains multiple copies of retrovirus genomes known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have entered the germ-line at some point in evolution. This review discusses how HIV-1 infection influences the expression of HERVs.
	21. 283 Accesses	Research Stable multi-infection of splenocytes during SIV infection - the basis for continuous recombination Anke Schultz, Sieghart Sopper, Ulrike Sauermann, Andreas Meyerhans, Rodolphe Suspene Retrovirology 2012, 9:31 (23 April 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary SIV multi-infection of single splenocytes was readily detected in all monkeys and all stages of the infection. Single-infected cells were more frequent than double or triple infected cells. There was no strong trend linking the copy number distribution to plasma viral load, disease stage or CD4 cell counts.
	22. 281 Accesses	Research Identification, characterization, and comparative genomic distribution of the HERV-K (HML-2) group of human endogenous retroviruses Ravi P Subramanian, Julia H Wildschutte, Crystal Russo, John M Coffin Retrovirology 2011, 8:90 (8 November 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary This study presents the most comprehensive and accurate catalog of all full-length and partial HML-2 proviruses, as well as solo LTR elements, within the published human genome to date.
	23. 265 Accesses	Research Absence of evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related virus infection in persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and healthy controls in the United States William M Switzer, Hongwei Jia, Oliver Hohn, HaoQiang Zheng, Shaohua Tang, Anupama Shankar, Norbert Bannert, Graham Simmons, R Michael Hendry, Virginia R Falkenberg, William C Reeves, Walid Heneine Retrovirology 2010, 7:57 (1 July 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 9 comments \| Editor’s summary Recent reports suggesting xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMRV) as the etiological agent in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) contradicted by molecular and serological assay of US population archives.
	24. 264 Accesses	Review Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection Trine H Mogensen, Jesper Melchjorsen, Carsten S Larsen, Søren R Paludan Retrovirology 2010, 7:54 (22 June 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
	25. 263 Accesses	Research Relationships of PBMC microRNA expression, plasma viral load, and CD4+ T-cell count in HIV-1-infected elite suppressors and viremic patients Kenneth W Witwer, Andria K Watson, Joel N Blankson, Janice E Clements Retrovirology 2012, 9:5 (12 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary miRNA profiles, obtained using multiple acquisition, data processing, and analysis methods, distinguished ES and uninfected controls from viremic HIV-1-infected patients. For several miRNAs, however, ES and viremic patients shared similar expression patterns. Differentially expressed miRNAs included those with reported roles in HIV-1 latency (miR-29 family members, miRs -125b and -150). Others, such as miR-31 and miR-31*, had no previously reported connection with HIV-1 infection but were found here to differ significantly with uncontrolled HIV-1 replication.