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	1. 857 Accesses	Research Relationships of PBMC microRNA expression, plasma viral load, and CD4+ T-cell count in HIV-1-infected elite suppressors and viremic patients Kenneth W Witwer, Andria K Watson, Joel N Blankson, Janice E Clements Retrovirology 2012, 9:5 (12 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary miRNA profiles, obtained using multiple acquisition, data processing, and analysis methods, distinguished ES and uninfected controls from viremic HIV-1-infected patients. For several miRNAs, however, ES and viremic patients shared similar expression patterns. Differentially expressed miRNAs included those with reported roles in HIV-1 latency (miR-29 family members, miRs -125b and -150). Others, such as miR-31 and miR-31*, had no previously reported connection with HIV-1 infection but were found here to differ significantly with uncontrolled HIV-1 replication.
	2. 784 Accesses	Review HIV infection and HERV expression: a review Antoinette C van der Kuyl Retrovirology 2012, 9:6 (16 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The human genome contains multiple copies of retrovirus genomes known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have entered the germ-line at some point in evolution. This review discusses how HIV-1 infection influences the expression of HERVs.
	3. 592 Accesses	Research Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) restricts mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) replication in vivo Philip H Jones, Harshini V Mehta, Martina Maric, Richard J Roller, Chioma M Okeoma Retrovirology 2012, 9:10 (27 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The findings in this work show that BST-2 restricts MMTV release from naturally infected cells and that BST-2 is an antiviral factor in vivo.
	4. 546 Accesses	Research Identification of an endogenous retroviral envelope gene with fusogenic activity and placenta-specific expression in the rabbit: a new "syncytin" in a third order of mammals Odile Heidmann, Cécile Vernochet, Anne Dupressoir, Thierry Heidmann Retrovirology 2009, 6:107 (27 November 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	5. 485 Accesses	Review The discovery of endogenous retroviruses Robin A Weiss Retrovirology 2006, 3:67 (3 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	6. 476 Accesses	Research Systemic inhibition of myeloid dendritic cells by circulating HLA class I molecules in HIV-1 infection Jinghe Huang, Maha Al-Mozaini, Jerome Rogich, Mary F. Carrington, Katherine Seiss, Florencia Pereyra, Mathias Lichterfeld, Xu G. Yu Retrovirology 2012, 9:11 (30 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary During progressive HIV-1 infection, soluble HLA class I molecules can contribute to systemic immune dysfunction by inhibiting the antigen-presenting properties of myeloid dendritic cells through interactions with inhibitory myelomonocytic HLA class I receptors.
	7. 466 Accesses	Viewpoints SAMHD1: a new insight into HIV-1 restriction in myeloid cells Corine St Gelais, Li Wu Retrovirology 2011, 8:55 (8 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Human myeloid-lineage cells are refractory to HIV-1 infection. The Vpx proteins from HIV-2 and sooty mangabey SIV render these cells permissive to HIV-1 infection through proteasomal degradation of a putative restriction factor. Two recent studies discovered the cellular protein SAMHD1 to be this restriction factor, demonstrating that Vpx induces proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1 and enhances HIV-1 infection in myeloid-lineage cells. SAMHD1 functions as a myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. Here we discuss the implications of these findings in delineating the mechanisms of HIV-1 restriction in myeloid-lineage cells and the potential role of Vpx in lentiviral pathogenesis.
	8. 454 Accesses	Research Translation of MMTV Gag requires nuclear events involving splicing motifs in addition to the viral Rem protein and RmRE Ioana Boeras, Michael Sakalian, John T West Retrovirology 2012, 9:8 (25 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This paper shows that the translation of MMTV Gag mRNA is negatively regulated by a nuclear "experience" and that viral Rem protein, viral RmRE sequence,and a splice donor and acceptor are needed to counter the negative translational effect on Gag mRNA in the cytoplasm.
	9. 414 Accesses	Review Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection Trine H Mogensen, Jesper Melchjorsen, Carsten S Larsen, Søren R Paludan Retrovirology 2010, 7:54 (22 June 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
	10. 395 Accesses	Commentary A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years Robert C Gallo Retrovirology 2006, 3:72 (20 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment
	11. 389 Accesses	Short report The W100 pocket on HIV-1 gp120 penetrated by b12 is not a target for other CD4bs monoclonal antibodies Maria J Duenas-Decamp, Olivia J O'Connell, Davide Corti, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Paul R Clapham Retrovirology 2012, 9:9 (27 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study indicates that the b12 W100 pocket on gp120 is targeted infrequently by CD4bs mabs. This site is therefore not a priority for preservation in vaccines aiming to elicit antibodies targeting the CD4bs.
	12. 382 Accesses	Editorial The 2011 Retrovirology Prize winner Masao Matsuoka: forward looking and antisense Kuan-Teh Jeang Retrovirology 2011, 8:102 (15 December 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Masao Matsuoka wins the 2011 Retrovirology Prize
	13. 369 Accesses	Review Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs Vinod Scaria, Manoj Hariharan, Souvik Maiti, Beena Pillai, Samir K Brahmachari Retrovirology 2006, 3:68 (11 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 3 comments
	14. 364 Accesses	Research Insights into the structure and activity of the prototype foamy virus RNase H Berit Leo, Maximilian J Hartl, Kristian Schweimer, Florian Mayr, Birgitta M Wohrl Retrovirology 2012, 9:14 (10 February 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This paper demonstrates that the independent PFV RNase H domain is structured and active. The presence of the C-helix in PFV RNase H could be confirmed by assigning the protein backbone and calculating the chemical shift index using NMR spectroscopy.
	15. 358 Accesses	Research Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination Stéphane Hué, Eleanor R Gray, Astrid Gall, Aris Katzourakis, Choon Tan, Charlotte J Houldcroft, Stuart McLaren, Deenan Pillay, Andrew Futreal, Jeremy A Garson, Oliver G Pybus, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2010, 7:111 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 2 comments \| F1000 Biology \| Editor’s summary We demonstrate that Taqman PCR primers previously described as XMRV-specific can amplify common murine endogenous viral sequences from mouse suggesting that mouse DNA can contaminate patient samples and confound specific XMRV detection. To consider the provenance of XMRV we sequenced XMRV from the cell line 22Rv1, which is infected with an MLV-X that is indistinguishable from patient derived XMRV. Bayesian phylogenies clearly show that XMRV sequences reportedly derived from unlinked patients form a monophyletic clade with interspersed 22Rv1 clones (posterior probability >0.99). The cell line-derived sequences are ancestral to the patient-derived sequences (posterior probability >0.99). Furthermore, pol sequences apparently amplified from PC patient material (VP29 and VP184) are recombinants of XMRV and Moloney MLV (MoMLV) a virus with an envelope that lacks tropism for human cells. Considering the diversity of XMRV we show that the mean pairwise genetic distance among env and pol 22Rv1-derived sequences exceeds that of patient-associated sequences (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p=0.005 and p<0.001 for pol and env, respectively). Thus XMRV sequences acquire diversity in a cell line but not in patient samples. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that published XMRV sequences are related by a process of infectious transmission.
	16. 348 Accesses	Research Spt6 levels are modulated by PAAF1 and proteasome to regulate the HIV-1 LTR Mirai Nakamura, Poornima Basavarajaiah, Emilie Rousset, Cyprien Beraud, Daniel Latreille, Imene-Sarah Henaoui, Irina Lassot, Bernard Mari, Rosemary Kiernan Retrovirology 2012, 9:13 (8 February 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study shows that Spt6 is targeted by proteasome in the absence of PAAF1. PAAF1 interacts with the N-terminus of Spt6, suggesting that PAAF1 protects Spt6 from proteolysis.
	17. 293 Accesses	Short report Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope proteins traffic toward virion assembly sites via a TBC1D20/Rab1-regulated pathway Dikla Nachmias, Ella H Sklan, Marcelo Ehrlich, Eran Bacharach Retrovirology 2012, 9:7 (19 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Excessive TBC1D20 activity perturbs the early trafficking of HIV-1 envelope protein through the secretory pathway. Overexpression of TBC1D20 hampered envelope processing and reduced its association with detergent-resistant membranes, entailing a reduction in infectivity of HIV-1 virion like particles (VLPs).
	18. 285 Accesses	Research Host cell species-specific effect of cyclosporine A on simian immunodeficiency virus replication Hiroaki Takeuchi, Hiroshi Ishii, Tetsuya Kuwano, Natsuko Inagaki, Hirofumi Akari, Tetsuro Matano Retrovirology 2012, 9:3 (6 January 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This paper shows that CsA treatment enhanced SIV replication in human T cells but abrogated SIV replication in macaque T cells, implying a host cell species-specific effect of CsA on SIV replication. Further analyses indicated a positive effect of CypA on SIV infection into macaque but not into human T cells. These results suggest possible contribution of CypA to the determination of SIV tropism.
	19. 278 Accesses	Research Identification, characterization, and comparative genomic distribution of the HERV-K (HML-2) group of human endogenous retroviruses Ravi P Subramanian, Julia H Wildschutte, Crystal Russo, John M Coffin Retrovirology 2011, 8:90 (8 November 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary This study presents the most comprehensive and accurate catalog of all full-length and partial HML-2 proviruses, as well as solo LTR elements, within the published human genome to date.
	20. 278 Accesses	Research FIV establishes a latent infection in feline peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo during the asymptomatic phase of infection Brian Murphy, Natasha Vapniarsky, Chad Hillman, Diego Castillo, Samantha McDonnel, Peter Moore, Paul A. Luciw, Ellen E. Sparger Retrovirology 2012, 9:12 (7 February 2012) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study shows that viral LTR and gag sequences amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells during early and chronic stages of infection demonstrated minimal to no viral sequence variation consistent with tight transcriptional latency in FIV infection in vivo.
	21. 277 Accesses	Research HIV-1 Group P is unable to antagonize human tetherin by Vpu, Env or Nef Daniel Sauter, Stephane Hue, Sarah J Petit, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Greg J Towers, Frank Kirchhoff, Ravindra K Gupta Retrovirology 2011, 8:103 (15 December 2011) Abstract \| Provisional PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The analyses of the two reported HIV-1 Group P viruses suggest that zoonosis occurred in the last 170 years and further support that pandemic HIV-1 Group M strains are better adapted to humans than non-pandemic or rare Group O, N and P viruses.
	22. 276 Accesses	Research A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors Li Liu, Nidia MM Oliveira, Kelly M Cheney, Corinna Pade, Hanna Dreja, Ann-Marie H Bergin, Viola Borgdorff, David H Beach, Cleo L Bishop, Matthias T Dittmar, Áine McKnight Retrovirology 2011, 8:94 (14 November 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This work screened 19,121 human genes and identified 114 factors with significant inhibition of HIV-1 infection. The authors focused on the PAF1 complex for its restriction activity.
	23. 272 Accesses	Review Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression Juan Lama, Vicente Planelles Retrovirology 2007, 4:52 (25 July 2007) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	24. 269 Accesses	Commentary The pathogenesis of HIV infection: stupid may not be so dumb after all Stephen M Smith Retrovirology 2006, 3:60 (8 September 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	25. 267 Accesses	Review The role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection Richard D Sloan, Mark A Wainberg Retrovirology 2011, 8:52 (1 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Integration of the reverse transcribed viral genome into host chromatin is the hallmark of retroviral replication. Yet, during natural HIV infection, various viral unintegrated DNA forms exist in abundance. Though linear viral cDNA is the precursor to integrated provirus, increasing evidence suggests that transcription and translation of unintegrated DNAs prior to integration may aid productive infection through the expression of early viral genes. Additionally, unintegrated DNA has the capacity to result in preintegration latency, or to be rescued and yield productive infection and so unintegrated DNA, in some circumstances, may be considered to be a viral reservoir. Recently, there has been interest in further defining the role and function of unintegrated viral DNAs, in part because the use of anti-HIV integrase inhibitors leads to an abundance of unintegrated DNA, but also because of the potential use of non-integrating lentiviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccines. There is now increased understanding that unintegrated viral DNA can either arise from, or be degraded through, interactions with host DNA repair enzymes that may represent a form of host antiviral defence. This review focuses on the role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection and additionally considers the potential implications for antiviral therapy.