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	1. 5143 Accesses	Review The discovery of endogenous retroviruses Robin A Weiss Retrovirology 2006, 3:67 (3 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	2. 4802 Accesses	Review Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs Vinod Scaria, Manoj Hariharan, Souvik Maiti, Beena Pillai, Samir K Brahmachari Retrovirology 2006, 3:68 (11 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 3 comments
	3. 4231 Accesses	Meeting abstract Detection of MLV-like gag sequences in blood samples from a New York state CFS cohort Maureen R Hanson, Li L Lee, Lin Lin, David E Bell, David Ruppert, David S Bell Retrovirology 2011, 8(Suppl 1):A234 (6 June 2011) Full text \| PDF
	4. 4193 Accesses	Research Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination Stéphane Hué, Eleanor R Gray, Astrid Gall, Aris Katzourakis, Choon Tan, Charlotte J Houldcroft, Stuart McLaren, Deenan Pillay, Andrew Futreal, Jeremy A Garson, Oliver G Pybus, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2010, 7:111 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 2 comments \| F1000 Biology \| Editor’s summary We demonstrate that Taqman PCR primers previously described as XMRV-specific can amplify common murine endogenous viral sequences from mouse suggesting that mouse DNA can contaminate patient samples and confound specific XMRV detection. To consider the provenance of XMRV we sequenced XMRV from the cell line 22Rv1, which is infected with an MLV-X that is indistinguishable from patient derived XMRV. Bayesian phylogenies clearly show that XMRV sequences reportedly derived from unlinked patients form a monophyletic clade with interspersed 22Rv1 clones (posterior probability >0.99). The cell line-derived sequences are ancestral to the patient-derived sequences (posterior probability >0.99). Furthermore, pol sequences apparently amplified from PC patient material (VP29 and VP184) are recombinants of XMRV and Moloney MLV (MoMLV) a virus with an envelope that lacks tropism for human cells. Considering the diversity of XMRV we show that the mean pairwise genetic distance among env and pol 22Rv1-derived sequences exceeds that of patient-associated sequences (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p=0.005 and p<0.001 for pol and env, respectively). Thus XMRV sequences acquire diversity in a cell line but not in patient samples. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that published XMRV sequences are related by a process of infectious transmission.
	5. 4076 Accesses	Viewpoints SAMHD1: a new insight into HIV-1 restriction in myeloid cells Corine St Gelais, Li Wu Retrovirology 2011, 8:55 (8 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Human myeloid-lineage cells are refractory to HIV-1 infection. The Vpx proteins from HIV-2 and sooty mangabey SIV render these cells permissive to HIV-1 infection through proteasomal degradation of a putative restriction factor. Two recent studies discovered the cellular protein SAMHD1 to be this restriction factor, demonstrating that Vpx induces proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1 and enhances HIV-1 infection in myeloid-lineage cells. SAMHD1 functions as a myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. Here we discuss the implications of these findings in delineating the mechanisms of HIV-1 restriction in myeloid-lineage cells and the potential role of Vpx in lentiviral pathogenesis.
	6. 3974 Accesses	Review The role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection Richard D Sloan, Mark A Wainberg Retrovirology 2011, 8:52 (1 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Integration of the reverse transcribed viral genome into host chromatin is the hallmark of retroviral replication. Yet, during natural HIV infection, various viral unintegrated DNA forms exist in abundance. Though linear viral cDNA is the precursor to integrated provirus, increasing evidence suggests that transcription and translation of unintegrated DNAs prior to integration may aid productive infection through the expression of early viral genes. Additionally, unintegrated DNA has the capacity to result in preintegration latency, or to be rescued and yield productive infection and so unintegrated DNA, in some circumstances, may be considered to be a viral reservoir. Recently, there has been interest in further defining the role and function of unintegrated viral DNAs, in part because the use of anti-HIV integrase inhibitors leads to an abundance of unintegrated DNA, but also because of the potential use of non-integrating lentiviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccines. There is now increased understanding that unintegrated viral DNA can either arise from, or be degraded through, interactions with host DNA repair enzymes that may represent a form of host antiviral defence. This review focuses on the role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection and additionally considers the potential implications for antiviral therapy.
	7. 3837 Accesses	Research Absence of evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related virus infection in persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and healthy controls in the United States William M Switzer, Hongwei Jia, Oliver Hohn, HaoQiang Zheng, Shaohua Tang, Anupama Shankar, Norbert Bannert, Graham Simmons, R Michael Hendry, Virginia R Falkenberg, William C Reeves, Walid Heneine Retrovirology 2010, 7:57 (1 July 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 9 comments \| Editor’s summary Recent reports suggesting xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMRV) as the etiological agent in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) contradicted by molecular and serological assay of US population archives.
	8. 3781 Accesses	Commentary A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years Robert C Gallo Retrovirology 2006, 3:72 (20 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment
	9. 3732 Accesses	Commentary The pathogenesis of HIV infection: stupid may not be so dumb after all Stephen M Smith Retrovirology 2006, 3:60 (8 September 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	10. 3616 Accesses	Research A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors Li Liu, Nidia MM Oliveira, Kelly M Cheney, Corinna Pade, Hanna Dreja, Ann-Marie H Bergin, Viola Borgdorff, David H Beach, Cleo L Bishop, Matthias T Dittmar, Áine McKnight Retrovirology 2011, 8:94 (14 November 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary This work screened 19,121 human genes and identified 114 factors with significant inhibition of HIV-1 infection. The authors focused on the PAF1 complex for its restriction activity.
	11. 3457 Accesses	Review Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection Trine H Mogensen, Jesper Melchjorsen, Carsten S Larsen, Søren R Paludan Retrovirology 2010, 7:54 (22 June 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
	12. 3235 Accesses	Commentary microRNAs in viral oncogenesis Vinod Scaria, Vaibhav Jadhav Retrovirology 2007, 4:82 (24 November 2007) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	13. 3199 Accesses	Meeting abstract Prevalence of XMRV in blood donors, HTLV and HIV cohorts Xiaoxing Qiu, Priscilla Swanson, Ning Tang, Gregor W Leckie, Sushil Devare, Gerald Schochetman, John Hackett Retrovirology 2011, 8(Suppl 1):A222 (6 June 2011) Full text \| PDF
	14. 3188 Accesses	Research Relationships of PBMC microRNA expression, plasma viral load, and CD4+ T-cell count in HIV-1-infected elite suppressors and viremic patients Kenneth W Witwer, Andria K Watson, Joel N Blankson, Janice E Clements Retrovirology 2012, 9:5 (12 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary miRNA profiles, obtained using multiple acquisition, data processing, and analysis methods, distinguished ES and uninfected controls from viremic HIV-1-infected patients. For several miRNAs, however, ES and viremic patients shared similar expression patterns. Differentially expressed miRNAs included those with reported roles in HIV-1 latency (miR-29 family members, miRs -125b and -150). Others, such as miR-31 and miR-31*, had no previously reported connection with HIV-1 infection but were found here to differ significantly with uncontrolled HIV-1 replication.
	15. 3102 Accesses	Review The utility of the new generation of humanized mice to study HIV-1 infection: transmission, prevention, pathogenesis, and treatment Bradford K Berges, Mark R Rowan Retrovirology 2011, 8:65 (11 August 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings reported to date on all new humanized mouse models (those transplanted human HSCs) in regards to HIV-1 sexual transmission, pathogenesis, anti-HIV-1 immune responses, viral evolution, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, and gene therapeutic strategies.
	16. 3072 Accesses	Commentary Beyond open access: open discourse, the next great equalizer Andrew I Dayton Retrovirology 2006, 3:55 (30 August 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 5 comments
	17. 2997 Accesses	Research Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome Harriet CT Groom, Virginie C Boucherit, Kerry Makinson, Edward Randal, Sarah Baptista, Suzanne Hagan, John W Gow, Frank M Mattes, Judith Breuer, Jonathan R Kerr, Jonathan P Stoye, Kate N Bishop Retrovirology 2010, 7:10 (15 February 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary The absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) nucleic acids or antibodies in samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome suggests XMRV is not the aetiological agent in this condition.
	18. 2996 Accesses	Commentary A historical reflection on the discovery of human retroviruses Anders Vahlne Retrovirology 2009, 6:40 (1 May 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment
	19. 2883 Accesses	Review Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and the onset of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) Masao Matsuoka Retrovirology 2005, 2:27 (26 April 2005) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	20. 2795 Accesses	Review HIV infection and HERV expression: a review Antoinette C van der Kuyl Retrovirology 2012, 9:6 (16 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The human genome contains multiple copies of retrovirus genomes known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have entered the germ-line at some point in evolution. This review discusses how HIV-1 infection influences the expression of HERVs.
	21. 2793 Accesses	Review HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpr: Relevance in the pathogenesis of HIV and potential for therapeutic intervention Michael Kogan, Jay Rappaport Retrovirology 2011, 8:25 (13 April 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to transport the preintegration complex into the nucleus where the process of viral integration into the host genome is completed. Vpr has several other critical functions including activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription, cell-cycle arrest due to DCAF-1 binding, and both direct and indirect contributions to T-cell dysfunction. The interactions of Vpr with molecular pathways in the context of macrophages, on the other hand, support accumulation of a persistent reservoir of HIV infection in cells of the myeloid lineage.
	22. 2708 Accesses	Research Antiviral activity of α-helical stapled peptides designed from the HIV-1 capsid dimerization domain Hongtao Zhang, Francesca Curreli, Xihui Zhang, Shibani Bhattacharya, Abdul A Waheed, Alan Cooper, David Cowburn, Eric O Freed, Asim K Debnath Retrovirology 2011, 8:28 (3 May 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Our observation that relatively weak CA binders, such as NYAD-201 and NYAD-202, showed specificity and are able to disrupt the CTD dimer is encouraging for further exploration of a much broader class of antiviral compounds targeting CA. We cannot exclude the possibility that the CA-based peptides described here could elicit additional effects on virus replication not directly linked to their ability to bind CA-CTD.
	23. 2633 Accesses	Research Tracing the HIV-1 subtype B mobility in Europe: a phylogeographic approach Dimitrios Paraskevis, Oliver Pybus, Gkikas Magiorkinis, Angelos Hatzakis, Annemarie MJ Wensing, David A van de Vijver, Jan Albert, Guiseppe Angarano, Birgitta Åsjö, Claudia Balotta, Enzo Boeri, Ricardo Camacho, Marie-Laure Chaix, Suzie Coughlan, Dominique Costagliola, Andrea De Luca, Carmen de Mendoza, Inge Derdelinckx, Zehava Grossman, Osama Hamouda, IM Hoepelman, Andrzej Horban, Klaus Korn, Claudia Kücherer, Thomas Leitner, Clive Loveday, Eilidh MacRae, I Maljkovic-Berry, Laurence Meyer, Claus Nielsen et al. Retrovirology 2009, 6:49 (20 May 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A phylogeography constructed using HIV-1 subtype B samples from 17 European countries reveals new pathways of virus dispersal across Europe with migrants, travellers and tourists being responsible for actively exporting the virus.
	24. 2585 Accesses	Review Macrophage signaling in HIV-1 infection Georges Herbein, Gabriel Gras, Kashif Khan, Wasim Abbas Retrovirology 2010, 7:34 (9 April 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	25. 2554 Accesses	Correspondence Analysis of XMRV integration sites from human prostate cancer tissues suggests PCR contamination rather than genuine human infection Jeremy A Garson, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2011, 8:13 (25 February 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 10 comments \| Editor’s summary XMRV is a gammaretrovirus associated in some studies with human prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Central to the hypothesis of XMRV as a human pathogen is the description of integration sites in DNA from prostate tumour tissues. Here we demonstrate that 2 of 14 patient-derived sites are identical to sites cloned in the same laboratory from experimentally infected DU145 cells. Identical integration sites have never previously been described in any retrovirus infection. We propose that the patient-derived sites are the result of PCR contamination. This observation further undermines the notion that XMRV is a genuine human pathogen.