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	1. 5945 Accesses	Correspondence Analysis of XMRV integration sites from human prostate cancer tissues suggests PCR contamination rather than genuine human infection Jeremy A Garson, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2011, 8:13 (25 February 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 10 comments \| Editor’s summary XMRV is a gammaretrovirus associated in some studies with human prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Central to the hypothesis of XMRV as a human pathogen is the description of integration sites in DNA from prostate tumour tissues. Here we demonstrate that 2 of 14 patient-derived sites are identical to sites cloned in the same laboratory from experimentally infected DU145 cells. Identical integration sites have never previously been described in any retrovirus infection. We propose that the patient-derived sites are the result of PCR contamination. This observation further undermines the notion that XMRV is a genuine human pathogen.
	2. 5089 Accesses	Research Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination Stéphane Hué, Eleanor R Gray, Astrid Gall, Aris Katzourakis, Choon Tan, Charlotte J Houldcroft, Stuart McLaren, Deenan Pillay, Andrew Futreal, Jeremy A Garson, Oliver G Pybus, Paul Kellam, Greg J Towers Retrovirology 2010, 7:111 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 2 comments \| F1000 Biology \| Editor’s summary We demonstrate that Taqman PCR primers previously described as XMRV-specific can amplify common murine endogenous viral sequences from mouse suggesting that mouse DNA can contaminate patient samples and confound specific XMRV detection. To consider the provenance of XMRV we sequenced XMRV from the cell line 22Rv1, which is infected with an MLV-X that is indistinguishable from patient derived XMRV. Bayesian phylogenies clearly show that XMRV sequences reportedly derived from unlinked patients form a monophyletic clade with interspersed 22Rv1 clones (posterior probability >0.99). The cell line-derived sequences are ancestral to the patient-derived sequences (posterior probability >0.99). Furthermore, pol sequences apparently amplified from PC patient material (VP29 and VP184) are recombinants of XMRV and Moloney MLV (MoMLV) a virus with an envelope that lacks tropism for human cells. Considering the diversity of XMRV we show that the mean pairwise genetic distance among env and pol 22Rv1-derived sequences exceeds that of patient-associated sequences (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p=0.005 and p<0.001 for pol and env, respectively). Thus XMRV sequences acquire diversity in a cell line but not in patient samples. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that published XMRV sequences are related by a process of infectious transmission.
	3. 4705 Accesses	Review Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs Vinod Scaria, Manoj Hariharan, Souvik Maiti, Beena Pillai, Samir K Brahmachari Retrovirology 2006, 3:68 (11 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 3 comments
	4. 4662 Accesses	Review The discovery of endogenous retroviruses Robin A Weiss Retrovirology 2006, 3:67 (3 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	5. 4500 Accesses	Research Vpu serine 52 dependent counteraction of tetherin is required for HIV-1 replication in macrophages, but not in ex vivo human lymphoid tissue Michael Schindler, Devi Rajan, Carina Banning, Peter Wimmer, Herwig Koppensteiner, Alicja Iwanski, Anke Specht, Daniel Sauter, Thomas Dobner, Frank Kirchhoff Retrovirology 2010, 7:1 (15 January 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	6. 4135 Accesses	Short report Serologic and PCR testing of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome in the United States shows no association with xenotropic or polytropic murine leukemia virus-related viruses Brent C Satterfield, Rebecca A Garcia, Hongwei Jia, Shaohua Tang, HaoQiang Zheng, William M Switzer Retrovirology 2011, 8:12 (22 February 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary We tested blood specimens from 45 CFS cases and 42 persons without CFS from over 20 states in the United States for both XMRV and MuLV. The CFS patients all had a minimum of 6 months of post-exertional malaise and a high degree of disability, the same key symptoms described in the Lombardi et al. study. Using highly sensitive and generic DNA and RNA PCR tests, and a new Western blot assay employing purified whole XMRV as antigen, we found no evidence of XMRV or MuLV in all 45 CFS cases and in the 42 persons without CFS. Our findings, together with previous negative reports, do not suggest an association of XMRV or MuLV in the majority of CFS cases.
	7. 4021 Accesses	Research Absence of evidence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related virus infection in persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and healthy controls in the United States William M Switzer, Hongwei Jia, Oliver Hohn, HaoQiang Zheng, Shaohua Tang, Anupama Shankar, Norbert Bannert, Graham Simmons, R Michael Hendry, Virginia R Falkenberg, William C Reeves, Walid Heneine Retrovirology 2010, 7:57 (1 July 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 9 comments \| Editor’s summary Recent reports suggesting xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMRV) as the etiological agent in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) contradicted by molecular and serological assay of US population archives.
	8. 3960 Accesses	Meeting abstract Detection of MLV-like gag sequences in blood samples from a New York state CFS cohort Maureen R Hanson, Li L Lee, Lin Lin, David E Bell, David Ruppert, David S Bell Retrovirology 2011, 8(Suppl 1):A234 (6 June 2011) Full text \| PDF
	9. 3595 Accesses	Commentary Beyond open access: open discourse, the next great equalizer Andrew I Dayton Retrovirology 2006, 3:55 (30 August 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 5 comments
	10. 3352 Accesses	Commentary A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years Robert C Gallo Retrovirology 2006, 3:72 (20 October 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment
	11. 3257 Accesses	Research No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan Rika A Furuta, Takayuki Miyazawa, Takeki Sugiyama, Hirohiko Kuratsune, Yasuhiro Ikeda, Eiji Sato, Naoko Misawa, Yasuhito Nakatomi, Ryuta Sakuma, Kazuta Yasui, Kouzi Yamaguti, Fumiya Hirayama Retrovirology 2011, 8:20 (17 March 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Antibody screening by immunoblot analysis showed that a fraction of the cases (1.6-3.0%) possessed anti-Gag antibodies regardless of their gender or disease condition. Most of these antibodies were highly specific to XMRV Gag capsid protein, but none of the individuals in the three tested populations retained strong antibody responses to multiple XMRV proteins. In the viral antibody-positive PC patients, we occasionally detected XMRV genes in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells but failed to isolate an infectious or full-length XMRV. Further, all CFS patients tested negative for XMRV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
	12. 3255 Accesses	Commentary microRNAs in viral oncogenesis Vinod Scaria, Vaibhav Jadhav Retrovirology 2007, 4:82 (24 November 2007) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	13. 3219 Accesses	Review The role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection Richard D Sloan, Mark A Wainberg Retrovirology 2011, 8:52 (1 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Integration of the reverse transcribed viral genome into host chromatin is the hallmark of retroviral replication. Yet, during natural HIV infection, various viral unintegrated DNA forms exist in abundance. Though linear viral cDNA is the precursor to integrated provirus, increasing evidence suggests that transcription and translation of unintegrated DNAs prior to integration may aid productive infection through the expression of early viral genes. Additionally, unintegrated DNA has the capacity to result in preintegration latency, or to be rescued and yield productive infection and so unintegrated DNA, in some circumstances, may be considered to be a viral reservoir. Recently, there has been interest in further defining the role and function of unintegrated viral DNAs, in part because the use of anti-HIV integrase inhibitors leads to an abundance of unintegrated DNA, but also because of the potential use of non-integrating lentiviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccines. There is now increased understanding that unintegrated viral DNA can either arise from, or be degraded through, interactions with host DNA repair enzymes that may represent a form of host antiviral defence. This review focuses on the role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection and additionally considers the potential implications for antiviral therapy.
	14. 3180 Accesses	Research Mouse DNA contamination in human tissue tested for XMRV Mark J Robinson, Otto W Erlwein, Steve Kaye, Jonathan Weber, Oya Cingoz, Anup Patel, Marjorie M Walker, Wun-Jae Kim, Mongkol Uiprasertkul, John M Coffin, Myra O McClure Retrovirology 2010, 7:108 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary These results show that contamination with mouse DNA is widespread and detectable by the highly sensitive IAP assay, but not always with less sensitive assays, such as murine mtDNA PCR. This study highlights the ubiquitous presence of mouse DNA in laboratory specimens and offers a means of rigorous validation for future studies of murine retroviruses in human disease.
	15. 3129 Accesses	Research Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome Harriet CT Groom, Virginie C Boucherit, Kerry Makinson, Edward Randal, Sarah Baptista, Suzanne Hagan, John W Gow, Frank M Mattes, Judith Breuer, Jonathan R Kerr, Jonathan P Stoye, Kate N Bishop Retrovirology 2010, 7:10 (15 February 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary The absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) nucleic acids or antibodies in samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome suggests XMRV is not the aetiological agent in this condition.
	16. 3106 Accesses	Commentary The pathogenesis of HIV infection: stupid may not be so dumb after all Stephen M Smith Retrovirology 2006, 3:60 (8 September 2006) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
	17. 3014 Accesses	Viewpoints SAMHD1: a new insight into HIV-1 restriction in myeloid cells Corine St Gelais, Li Wu Retrovirology 2011, 8:55 (8 July 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Human myeloid-lineage cells are refractory to HIV-1 infection. The Vpx proteins from HIV-2 and sooty mangabey SIV render these cells permissive to HIV-1 infection through proteasomal degradation of a putative restriction factor. Two recent studies discovered the cellular protein SAMHD1 to be this restriction factor, demonstrating that Vpx induces proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1 and enhances HIV-1 infection in myeloid-lineage cells. SAMHD1 functions as a myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. Here we discuss the implications of these findings in delineating the mechanisms of HIV-1 restriction in myeloid-lineage cells and the potential role of Vpx in lentiviral pathogenesis.
	18. 2989 Accesses	Viewpoints Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV-encoding nucleic acids: implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses Robert A Smith Retrovirology 2010, 7:112 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Efforts to assess the prevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in patients with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome have relied heavily on PCR-based testing of clinical samples and have yielded widely divergent findings. This week in Retrovirology, reports from four independent research groups illustrate the extreme care needed to exclude DNA or RNA contamination in PCR analyses of XMRV. In addition, phylogenetic evidence suggesting that previously-published XMRV sequences originated from a commonly-used prostate carcinoma cell line (22Rv1) is presented. These findings raise important questions regarding the provenance of XMRV and its potential connection to human disease.
	19. 2946 Accesses	Meeting abstract Prevalence of XMRV in blood donors, HTLV and HIV cohorts Xiaoxing Qiu, Priscilla Swanson, Ning Tang, Gregor W Leckie, Sushil Devare, Gerald Schochetman, John Hackett Retrovirology 2011, 8(Suppl 1):A222 (6 June 2011) Full text \| PDF
	20. 2930 Accesses	Review Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection Trine H Mogensen, Jesper Melchjorsen, Carsten S Larsen, Søren R Paludan Retrovirology 2010, 7:54 (22 June 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
	21. 2825 Accesses	Commentary A historical reflection on the discovery of human retroviruses Anders Vahlne Retrovirology 2009, 6:40 (1 May 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment
	22. 2813 Accesses	Review HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpr: Relevance in the pathogenesis of HIV and potential for therapeutic intervention Michael Kogan, Jay Rappaport Retrovirology 2011, 8:25 (13 April 2011) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to transport the preintegration complex into the nucleus where the process of viral integration into the host genome is completed. Vpr has several other critical functions including activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription, cell-cycle arrest due to DCAF-1 binding, and both direct and indirect contributions to T-cell dysfunction. The interactions of Vpr with molecular pathways in the context of macrophages, on the other hand, support accumulation of a persistent reservoir of HIV infection in cells of the myeloid lineage.
	23. 2802 Accesses	Research Contamination of human DNA samples with mouse DNA can lead to false detection of XMRV-like sequences Brendan Oakes, Albert K Tai, Oya Cingöz, Madeleine H Henefield, Susan Levine, John M Coffin, Brigitte T Huber Retrovirology 2010, 7:109 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary DNA from the peripheral blood of 112 CFS patients and 36 healthy controls was tested for XMRV with two different PCR assays. A TaqMan qPCR assay specific for XMRV pol sequences was able to detect viral DNA from 2 XMRV-infected cells (~ 10-12 pg DNA) in up to 5 mug of human genomic DNA, but yielded negative results in the test of 600 ng genomic DNA from 100,000 peripheral blood cells of all samples tested.
	24. 2798 Accesses	Short report An Endogenous Murine Leukemia Viral Genome Contaminant in a Commercial RT-PCR Kit is Amplified Using Standard Primers for XMRV Eiji Sato, Rika A Furuta, Takayuki Miyazawa Retrovirology 2010, 7:110 (20 December 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| 3 comments \| Editor’s summary We found that the enzyme mixtures of the one-step RT-PCR kit from Invitrogen were contaminated with RNA derived from PmERV. The nucleotide sequence of a partial gag region of the contaminant amplified by RT-PCR was nearly identical (99.4 % identity) to a PmERV on chromosome 7 and highly similar (97.4 to 97.8 %) to recently identified MLV-like viruses derived from CFS patients. We also determined the nucleotide sequence of a partial env region of the contaminant and found that it was almost identical (99.6 %) to the PmERV.
	25. 2714 Accesses	Review Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and the onset of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) Masao Matsuoka Retrovirology 2005, 2:27 (26 April 2005) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central